Best anti-procrastination apps: ranked by the problem they solve

Best anti-procrastination apps, by the problem they solve

The best anti-procrastination apps split by the problem they solve. For distraction, Freedom and Cold Turkey Blocker remove the option before willpower is tested. For overwhelm, Tiimo and Focusmate lower the cost of starting. For task avoidance, Beeminder raises the cost of stalling. For time blindness, Forest and Focus Keeper make the clock visible.

You downloaded Forest in January. Focus Keeper in February. By March they were both in a folder labeled “Productivity” that you haven’t opened since.

That graveyard is not a willpower problem. It is usually a matching problem. Anti-procrastination apps are software tools that target specific procrastination triggers, the psychological moment when avoidance begins, through mechanisms like website blocking, timed focus sessions, gamification, or accountability features. Most people pick by star rating, install a timer when their real issue is distraction, and abandon it within a week. The presence of a phone alone is enough to tax attention, a cost documented by Ward et al. (2017), who found that the mere presence of one’s own smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity [4]. The fix is to match the tool to the trigger, which is how this guide is organized.

Best anti-procrastination apps at a glance

This table summarizes who each app is for, the platforms it runs on, its price, and its core strength, so you can compare before reading the full reviews. Every figure below is repeated and explained in the relevant review.

App	Best for	Platform	Price	Key strength
Freedom	Distraction blocking	All	$3.33/mo (billed annually)	Cross-device sync with Locked Mode
Cold Turkey Blocker	Nuclear-level blocking	Desktop	Free; $39 one-time for Pro	Impossible to bypass during a session
Forest	Gamified focus timer	iOS, Android	Free (Android) / ~$3.99 (iOS)	Visual tree-growing motivation
Focus Keeper	Clean Pomodoro tracking	iOS, Android	Free / $4.99 Pro	Session analytics and trends
Focusmate	ADHD and task initiation	Web (all platforms)	Free (3/week) / paid unlimited	Live body doubling sessions
Tiimo	ADHD visual planning	iOS, Android	Free / ~$5/mo premium	Visual timeline for time blindness
Habitica	Gamification fans	iOS, Android, Web	Free / $5/mo premium	RPG task system with social guilds
Beeminder	Loss-aversion motivation	Web, iOS, Android	Free until derailment	Real money stakes for accountability
LeechBlock	Light browser blocking	Firefox, Chrome	Free	Per-site rules in the browser
iOS Screen Time	Built-in iPhone limits	iOS	Free (built in)	App and website time limits
Android Digital Wellbeing	Built-in Android limits	Android	Free (built in)	App and website time limits

Prices and free-tier limits change often, so confirm the current figure in your app store before you pay. Each row is unpacked, with pros, cons, and a verdict, in the reviews below.

Key takeaways

• The best anti-procrastination apps are chosen by trigger, not by rating. Distraction, overwhelm, task avoidance, and time blindness each call for a different mechanism.
• Freedom is the most bypass-resistant cross-device blocker; Cold Turkey Blocker is the nuclear option when you have bypassed gentler tools.
• For ADHD, Focusmate (live body doubling) and Tiimo (visual time) are built around the actual barriers, not bolted on after.
• Free tiers of Forest, Focusmate, Habitica, and Focus Keeper cover most core needs before you pay for anything.
• An app cannot fix what is not a productivity problem. Persistent failure after several well-matched tools can point to ADHD, sleep loss, chronic stress, or anxiety.

How I evaluated these apps

I did not rank these by star rating or feature count. I sorted them by the procrastination trigger each one is designed to defeat, because the match is what determines whether an app survives past the first week. I evaluated each app on three criteria: bypass difficulty (can you cheat it when willpower fails?), activation cost (how many steps to start using it?), and research alignment (does the mechanism match the evidence on behavior change?). Each review below carries those tags so you can see the method drive the verdict.

This is a research-based review built on published behavioral science and the publicly documented features and pricing of each app. It is not a paid placement. App store prices and free-tier limits change often, so treat the figures here as a starting point and confirm the current number in your app store before you pay.

Which distraction blocker is hardest to bypass when willpower fails?

When your trigger is distraction, the reflex to grab your phone or open a new tab, the goal is to remove the option before willpower is even tested. A system-level block does that; a gentle reminder does not. These three sit on a spectrum from easy-to-disable to nearly impossible.

Freedom

A cross-device distraction blocker that operates at the system level and synchronizes blocks across every device you own.

• Best for: Anyone who needs hard barriers they cannot bypass on a whim, across phone and computer at once.
• Key features: Blocks sites and apps at the system level; Locked Mode prevents you from disabling a session once it starts; synchronizes blocks across Mac, Windows, iOS, and Android; recurring sessions can start automatically on a schedule.
• Pros: Locked Mode matters because it closes the willpower loophole that defeats softer blockers, the cross-platform sync means one decision covers every screen rather than just your laptop, and scheduled sessions remove the daily choice to start.
• Cons: The full cross-device experience is paid, and Locked Mode can feel too rigid if you genuinely need occasional access mid-session.
• Who it is not for: People who only need to block one browser on one machine, who will be better served by a free browser extension.
• Activation cost: Low once configured; recurring schedules mean zero daily setup. Research fit: Strong, since removing the option entirely beats relying on in-the-moment self-control.
• Verdict: Our top pick for multi-device blocking. If distraction across phone and computer is your problem, start here.

Pricing: $3.33/month on the annual plan (billed annually); a free trial covers seven sessions.

Cold Turkey Blocker

A single-device lockdown tool with a no-override mode designed for people who have already learned to cheat softer blockers.

• Best for: Users who bypassed gentler blockers and now need absolute enforcement on their computer.
• Key features: Blocks websites (and, in the paid version, apps and scheduled sessions) on a single device; “Frozen Turkey” mode locks you out with no override; there is no uninstall workaround during a session.
• Pros: Its no-override lockdown makes it the hardest tool here to defeat mid-session, which is the whole point if you have already cheated everything gentler; the free tier covers website blocking; and the one-time price avoids another subscription.
• Cons: Desktop only with no mobile blocking, no cross-device sync, and the strictness is unforgiving if you misjudge a session length.
• Who it is not for: People who need their phone blocked too, or who want the flexibility to end a block early.
• Activation cost: Moderate; you commit to a session length up front and live with it. Research fit: Strong as a hard commitment device that removes the override.
• Verdict: The nuclear option. Reach for it when everything gentler has already failed you.

Pricing: free version for website blocking; $39 one-time for the paid version, which adds app blocking and scheduling.

LeechBlock

A free browser extension that blocks individual sites with simple, flexible rules.

• Best for: People who want to block a few specific sites in one browser without installing system-level software.
• Key features: Blocks individual sites, easy configuration, and per-site time rules inside Firefox or Chrome.
• Pros: It is free and precise. You can set exactly which sites to limit and when, with no system-level install.
• Cons: It can be disabled in two browser clicks, so it relies on your cooperation rather than enforcing against you. It also only covers the browser it is installed in.
• Who it is not for: Anyone who already bypasses soft blockers, or who needs app-level or cross-device blocking.
• Activation cost: Very low; install and add a site list. Research fit: Weaker, since a block you can lift in two clicks still leans on willpower.
• Verdict: A good free starting point. If you find yourself disabling it, move up to Freedom or Cold Turkey.

iOS Screen Time and Android Digital Wellbeing

Before paying for anything, check the blocker already on your phone. Both are free and built in.

• Best for: People who want a zero-cost first attempt at limiting specific apps before deciding whether a dedicated tool is worth it.
• Key features: iOS Screen Time offers app time limits and website restrictions on iPhone; Android Digital Wellbeing offers the same app time limits and website restrictions on Android. Both are built in at no cost.
• Pros: Free, already installed, and enough to reveal whether a soft limit changes your behavior at all before you spend money.
• Cons: Both are relatively easy to override in settings, so they work as guardrails rather than as enforcement against a determined willpower lapse.
• Who it is not for: Anyone who already taps past soft limits and needs an enforced, no-override block instead.
• Activation cost: Very low; both live in your phone settings. Research fit: Weak as enforcement, useful as a diagnostic.
• Verdict: Start here for free. If you keep tapping “ignore limit,” that is your signal to graduate to a harder blocker.

If removing the option physically matters as much as removing it digitally, a distraction-free home workspace setup pairs well with any of these blockers.

Best anti-procrastination apps for focus: Pomodoro timers that go beyond a countdown

Lose track of time the moment you finally start? That is time blindness, and a timer helps, but a phone countdown does nothing your clock cannot. These two add the structure and feedback that make a focus session repeatable. If you want the full field, our roundup of the best Pomodoro apps and focus timers goes deeper on this category alone.

Forest

A gamified focus timer that grows a virtual tree while you work and kills it if you leave early.

• Best for: Visual thinkers and people motivated by streaks and a tangible reward for staying put.
• Key features: Grows a virtual tree during each session, kills the tree if you leave before the session ends, and visualizes weeks of sustained concentration as a forest you can look back on.
• Pros: The activation cost is the lowest here because you only have to put your phone down, the dying-tree penalty turns leaving early into a small loss you feel, and Android users pay nothing.
• Cons: It motivates focus but does not block anything, the iOS version is paid, and the game layer does little if streaks leave you cold.
• Who it is not for: People whose real problem is distraction rather than starting, who need a blocker instead of a timer.
• Activation cost: Lowest on this list. Research fit: Moderate; it pairs a gentle loss with a visible streak, which sustains engagement for people who respond to game mechanics.
• Verdict: The best entry-level focus app. Pair it with Freedom if you also need escape routes removed.

Pricing: free on Android (with ads); around $3.99 one-time on iOS (confirm the current price).

Focus Keeper

A clean Pomodoro timer with the session analytics a basic timer cannot give you.

• Best for: Data-oriented users who want a tidy interface plus a record of their focus over time.
• Key features: Customizable work and break intervals, session logging, daily goal tracking, and an analytics dashboard that shows productivity trends.
• Pros: The analytics are what set it apart from a plain countdown, since seeing your focus trend over weeks is the feedback loop that keeps the habit honest; the interface stays distraction-free; and a free basic tier lets you test the workflow first.
• Cons: Like Forest, it structures focus but does not block distractions, and the most useful analytics sit in the paid tier.
• Who it is not for: People who want gamification or accountability rather than a quiet timer with charts.
• Activation cost: Low; start a timer and go. Research fit: Moderate; progress tracking is one of the most commonly documented support features in this category.
• Verdict: The pick for data-oriented users who want to see their focus trend, not just feel it.

Pricing: free basic version; $4.99 Pro upgrade.

Which apps are actually built for ADHD brains, not just adapted for them?

Most productivity apps are general tools that happen to be usable with ADHD; a systematic review by Pasarelu et al. (2020) catalogued how many such apps exist and how few are designed around the disorder’s specific barriers [5]. These two are designed around the actual walls of task initiation and time blindness, which is a meaningful difference. If lowering the cost of starting is your real obstacle, the idea of microgoals for procrastination explains the mechanism these apps lean on.

Focusmate

A virtual coworking platform that pairs you with a real person for a live, scheduled focus session.

• Best for: ADHD users who struggle with task initiation and anyone who works better with external structure.
• Key features: Pairs you with a real person for live body doubling sessions, offers 25 or 50-minute options, and includes a goal check-in at the start of each session.
• Pros: The accountability is real because another human is watching, which is what makes it work when private willpower does not; starting takes a single click; and the structure comes from outside you rather than from your own resolve.
• Cons: It requires showing up at a scheduled time with another person, which can feel like pressure, and unlimited sessions are paid.
• Who it is not for: People who find live video with a stranger stressful, or who only need a quiet solo timer.
• Activation cost: Low to start a session, higher socially since you must show up for another person. Research fit: Strong; external accountability is one of the better-evidenced levers for task initiation.
• Verdict: The strongest tool here for task initiation through live body doubling. If starting is your wall, working alongside someone often breaks it.

Pricing: three free sessions per week; paid plan for unlimited sessions (confirm the current price, which has historically run above $5/month).

Tiimo

A visual daily planner with color-coded timelines and countdowns, designed with the ADHD and autism communities.

• Best for: Anyone hitting overwhelm who needs the day made visible, including ADHD users for whom time slips by unnoticed.
• Key features: A visual daily planner with color-coded timelines, gentle reminders, visual countdown timers, and a design developed in partnership with ADHD and autism communities.
• Pros: It is built around how overwhelm and time blindness actually work, the prompts are gentle rather than punitive, and the layout turns an abstract day into something concrete you can follow.
• Cons: It is a planner rather than a blocker or accountability tool, and the premium tier is a subscription.
• Who it is not for: People who want hard distraction blocking or financial stakes rather than a visible schedule.
• Activation cost: Moderate; you build the day’s plan first, then follow it. Research fit: Strong for overwhelm and time blindness, since making time visible is the documented countermeasure.
• Verdict: Built for neurodivergent brains, not retrofitted. The strongest pick when the day feels shapeless or time slips away from you.

Pricing: free basic plan; premium tier approximately $5/month.

Gamified focus apps: do rewards and streaks reduce procrastination?

Can game design fix avoidance? Gamification means using game-design elements such as points, levels, and rewards in non-game contexts, and Hamari and Koivisto (2015) found that the social and reward mechanics behind it genuinely drive continued use [3]. The catch is that it only helps if those mechanics motivate you. For some people they are the difference; for others they are just overhead. Habit-builders who want the same match-the-mechanism approach applied to streaks will find it in our guide to the best habit-tracking apps matched to how you build habits.

Habitica

A role-playing game layered onto your task list, with social accountability built in.

• Best for: People who respond to game mechanics and to external social pressure from a group.
• Key features: Turns your task list into an RPG where you level up a character, earn gold, and unlock gear, plus a social guild system that adds group accountability.
• Pros: A feature-complete free tier, real social accountability through guilds, and a loop that can outlast the novelty phase if games motivate you. It runs on iOS, Android, and the web.
• Cons: The game layer is overhead that some users find distracting, and it does not block anything or impose financial stakes.
• Who it is not for: Minimalists who want a plain list, and anyone who finds game mechanics more chore than motivation.
• Activation cost: Moderate; there is a setup curve before the loop pays off. Research fit: Moderate; the reward-and-social mechanics line up with what sustains gamified engagement.
• Verdict: Fun if you like the game layer. The right pick when boredom, not willpower, is what kills your tools.

Pricing: free with an optional premium tier at $5/month.

Beeminder

A commitment device that charges you real money when you fall off track.

• Best for: People motivated by avoiding loss more than by chasing rewards, especially for stubborn task avoidance.
• Key features: A commitment device built on financial loss aversion. You set a goal and track progress, and your credit card is charged if you derail, with the charge increasing on repeat derailments.
• Pros: The stakes are real, which is exactly why it raises the cost of continued avoidance past the point of ignoring; and it stays free as long as you stay on track.
• Cons: Losing actual money is stressful and can feel punishing, and the model only works if you are honest about your own data.
• Who it is not for: Anyone for whom financial pressure causes anxiety rather than action, or who wants encouragement over consequences.
• Activation cost: Moderate; you define a goal and wire up tracking. Research fit: Strong; loss aversion is a well-established driver of behavior.
• Verdict: The app that bets against you. Effective for loss-averse people who have ignored every gentler nudge.

Pricing: free until derailment; real money is charged upon derailment, and the amount increases with repeat derailments.

If the idea of forcing a stalled task feels wrong, structured procrastination is a gentler alternative to financial stakes: it channels avoidance toward other useful work instead of penalizing it.

Best free anti-procrastination apps

You do not need to pay to start. The free tiers below cover the three core needs: distraction blocking, focus timing, and gamified accountability.

• Forest is free on Android (with ads) and gives you the full focus-timer loop.
• Focusmate includes three free sessions per week, enough to test whether body doubling works for you.
• Habitica is free for its core features, including the RPG mechanics and social guilds.
• Focus Keeper has a free basic version with the timer and daily goal tracking.
• LeechBlock is a free browser extension for blocking specific sites in Firefox or Chrome.
• Cold Turkey Blocker has a free version that handles website blocking.
• iOS Screen Time and Android Digital Wellbeing are free and already installed on your phone.

For students on a budget, the strongest free combination is Forest plus Focusmate. Together they address both phone distraction and study avoidance without a subscription, and you can add Habitica or Focus Keeper if you want gamification or trend data.

Paid upgrades become worthwhile only when you hit a specific wall: cross-device blocking (Freedom), nuclear-level bypass prevention (Cold Turkey Pro), or unlimited body doubling (Focusmate Pro).

How to match an anti-procrastination app to your specific trigger

The reason apps end up in your “Productivity” folder is almost always a mismatch. You picked a timer when your trigger was distraction, or a blocker when your real issue was avoidance. Diagnose the trigger first, then choose the mechanism that targets it.

Trigger	Best app	Mechanism
Distraction	Freedom or Cold Turkey	System-level block; removes the option
Overwhelm	Tiimo or Focusmate	Visible schedule or accountability; lowers the cost of starting
Task avoidance	Beeminder	Financial stakes; raises the cost of stalling
Time blindness	Tiimo, Forest, or Focus Keeper	Visual timeline or session log; makes time visible

This is the Trigger-App Alignment approach: a diagnostic that matches anti-procrastination app categories to the specific procrastination triggers they were built to defeat. It is also why most people should resist downloading three apps at once. Identify the trigger, install the one tool that targets it, and only add a second if a different trigger shows up.

Making these apps work with ADHD and busy schedules

An app is only as good as the routine around it. A few practices make these tools stick rather than join the graveyard:

• Schedule blocks once, not daily. Freedom’s recurring sessions let you set a weekday block once so you never have to decide to start it again.
• Lower the first step. Body doubling through Focusmate works because showing up is a single click. When starting is the wall, pick the tool with the lowest activation cost.
• Make time visible. If you lose hours without noticing, a visual countdown (Tiimo) or session log (Focus Keeper, Forest) turns abstract time into something you can see.
• Stack a blocker with a timer. Use Freedom to remove escape routes and Forest to structure the work session. They solve different problems and work best together.

If you want to go beyond apps and build the surrounding behavior, see our guides on a distraction-free home workspace setup, time blocking, microgoals for procrastination, and habit-formation techniques.

Ramon’s take

I was skeptical about anti-procrastination apps for years. The logic seemed circular: if someone is procrastinating, asking them to set up a productivity app is asking them to do the thing they’re already failing at. Then I noticed a pattern. The apps that work don’t ask much at the start. Freedom runs on a schedule you set once. Focusmate requires one click. Forest asks you to put your phone down. The activation cost is near zero.

I’ve also noticed most people try the wrong category first. They download a timer when their problem is distraction, or grab a blocker when their real issue is task avoidance. The app doesn’t fail them. The match fails them. That’s why I built the Trigger-App Alignment approach into this guide, because I got tired of watching people cycle through tools never designed for their specific problem. Once you want to go beyond apps, our guide on building an anti-procrastination system covers the full behavioral stack.

Conclusion

The best anti-procrastination apps are not the ones with the highest ratings. They are the ones that target your specific trigger. Distraction calls for a system-level blocker like Freedom or Cold Turkey. Overwhelm calls for a visible schedule or a person to work alongside, like Tiimo or Focusmate. Task avoidance calls for real stakes, like Beeminder. Time blindness calls for a timer that makes the clock visible, like Forest or Focus Keeper. Diagnose first, install one tool, and you break the cycle that fills the folder.

For the methods these apps support, our explainer on science-backed ways to overcome procrastination covers the behavior-change side, and anti-procrastination methods compared lines up the techniques the way this guide lines up the tools. If you also want a system for what you are working toward, our roundup of the best goal-tracking apps, tested is the next logical step.

Next 10 minutes

Name your single most common trigger from the table above. Install the one app that targets it. Do not install a second.

This week

Run that app for five working sessions. If it sticks, you matched correctly. If you keep disabling it, you likely picked the wrong trigger, so try the next most likely one.

Related articles in this guide

• Anti-procrastination methods compared
• Best Pomodoro apps and focus timers
• Best habit-tracking apps matched to how you build habits
• Best goal-tracking apps, tested
• Microgoals for procrastination
• Structured procrastination
• Science-backed ways to overcome procrastination
• Distraction-free home workspace setup
• Time blocking
• Habit-formation techniques

Frequently asked questions

What are the best anti-procrastination apps?

The best anti-procrastination apps depend on your trigger. Freedom and Cold Turkey Blocker are the strongest distraction blockers, Forest and Focus Keeper are the best focus timers, Focusmate and Tiimo are built for ADHD, Beeminder is the strongest loss-aversion tool, and Habitica is the best gamified option. Match the mechanism to the moment your avoidance begins rather than choosing by star rating.

What are the best free anti-procrastination apps?

The best free anti-procrastination apps are Forest (free on Android), Focusmate (three free sessions per week), Habitica (free core features), and Focus Keeper (free basic version). Together they cover distraction blocking, focus timing, and gamification at no cost. LeechBlock and the built-in iOS Screen Time and Android Digital Wellbeing tools add free site blocking. For students specifically, the strongest exam-period stack is Forest plus Focusmate: pair them during study weeks to handle both phone distraction and the avoidance that spikes before deadlines, then add Habitica only if game mechanics keep you going.

What is the best anti-procrastination app for Android?

For Android, Forest is the best free starting point and runs at no cost with ads. Freedom and Habitica also support Android if you want cross-device blocking or gamified accountability. Android also includes Digital Wellbeing for free, which offers app time limits and website restrictions without installing anything.

What is the best anti-procrastination app for iPhone?

For iPhone, Forest (around $3.99 one-time) and Focus Keeper (free basic version) are strong focus timers, while Freedom blocks distractions across iOS and your other devices. iPhone also includes Screen Time for free, which offers app time limits and website restrictions out of the box.

What are the best anti-procrastination apps for beginners?

For beginners, start with the lowest-effort tool that matches your trigger. Forest is the easiest focus timer to start because it only asks you to put your phone down, and Focusmate is the easiest accountability tool because a session takes one click. Try the free built-in iOS Screen Time or Android Digital Wellbeing before paying for anything.

What features should I look for in an anti-procrastination app?

Prioritize reminders, progress tracking, and reflection prompts, then weigh bypass difficulty for blockers and session analytics for timers. Those three core design features are among the most commonly documented in procrastination support apps per Kirchner-Krath et al. (2025) in the Journal of Medical Internet Research [2]. Cross-device support is a useful secondary factor if you switch between phone and computer.

Are paid procrastination apps worth the money compared to free alternatives?

Free versions of Forest, Habitica, and Focusmate cover the core features most procrastinators need. Paid upgrades become worthwhile when you need cross-device blocking (Freedom), nuclear-level bypass prevention (Cold Turkey Pro), or unlimited body doubling sessions (Focusmate Pro).

How do I set up Freedom so it runs automatically without daily decisions?

Freedom’s recurring sessions feature lets you schedule blocks to activate automatically every weekday at the same time, with no manual start required. Set the schedule once and the block runs without a daily decision.

Which apps work offline for blocking distractions?

Cold Turkey Blocker stores its block list locally and keeps enforcing during an internet outage. Freedom typically continues blocking during outages as well, though it relies partly on its sync service, so confirm the behavior on your own setup if offline enforcement is critical.

Do productivity apps work for chronic procrastinators or only occasional delay?

Rozental et al.’s 2018 randomized trial found that internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy significantly reduced procrastination, including in participants with chronic patterns [1]. App-based tools are lighter-weight than structured therapy, so match the tool to your trigger and seek professional support if well-matched apps do not help. The apps still work best when matched to your trigger rather than chosen at random.

What if I have tried multiple focus apps and still cannot concentrate?

Persistent focus problems after trying multiple well-matched tools may signal something beyond a productivity gap, including undiagnosed ADHD, sleep deprivation, chronic stress, or anxiety. In that case, the next step is professional support rather than another app, because tools address the behavioral layer but not the emotional root.

References

1. Rozental, A., Forsstrom, D., Lindner, P., Nilsson, S., Martensson, L., Rizzo, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018). Treating Procrastination Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Treatment Delivered via the Internet or in Groups. Behavior Therapy, 49(2), 180-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.002
2. Kirchner-Krath, J., Schmidt-Kraepelin, M., Schmahl, K., Schutz, C., Morschheuser, B., & Sunyaev, A. (2025). Behavior Change Support Systems for Self-Treating Procrastination: Systematic Search in App Stores and Analysis of Motivational Design Archetypes. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27, e65214. https://doi.org/10.2196/65214
3. Hamari, J., & Koivisto, J. (2015). Why do people use gamified services? International Journal of Information Management, 35(4), 419-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.04.006
4. Ward, A. F., Duke, K., Gneezy, A., & Bos, M. W. (2017). Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2(2), 140-154. https://doi.org/10.1086/691462
5. Pasarelu, C. R., Andersson, G., & Dobrean, A. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder mobile apps: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 138, 104133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104133